K combinator, 711, 1121
K^0 particle
and time reversal violation, 1019
K_33 non-planar graph, 527
Kabala (universal object), 1127
Kaluza, Theodor F. E. (Germany, 1885-1954)
and notions of space, 1028
Kampé de Fériet hypergeometric functions, 1009
Kaneko, Kunihiko (Japan, 1956- )
and continuous CAs, 922
in Preface, xiii
Kansas
grid of towns in, 1187
Kant, Immanuel (Germany, 1724-1804)
and complexity in biology, 861
and free will, 1135
and purposes in nature, 1185
Karatsuba, Anatolii A. (Russia, 1937- )
and multiplication, 1142
Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation, 925
Kari, Jarkko J. (Finland/USA, 1964- )
and undecidability in 2D cellular automata, 1138
Kármán, Theodore von (Hungary/Germany/USA, 1881-1963)
and vortex streets, 998
Karnaugh maps, 1097
Kasiski, Friedrich W. (Poland, 1805-1881)
and cryptanalysis, 1086
Kauffman, Stuart A. (USA, 1939- )
and Boolean networks, 936
in Preface, xiii
Kazakhstan
straight railroad in, 1187
KdV equation
as exactly soluble, 1133
Kells
Book of, 873
Kelvin (William Thomson) (Scotland, 1824-1907)
and harmonic analyzer, 1107
and minimum area packings, 988
and models of space, 1027
and Monte Carlo methods, 1192
and thermodynamics, 1019
and vortices in ether, 1044
Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities, 988
Kepler, Johannes (Germany, 1571-1630)
and 2-body problem, 972
and computers, 1107
and Fibonacci numbers, 891
and inhabitants of Moon, 1190
and rules of nature, 860
and snowflakes, 992
and sphere packings, 986
Keratin
repetitive structure of, 1003
Kernels
in visual perception, 579
Kerr solution
as exact solution, 1133
and time and computation, 1130
Key sequences
in cryptography, 598
Keyboard characters
for programs in notes, 854
Keystrokes
number to create this book, xiv
as source of randomness, 970
Khinchin (Khinchin's constant), 914
Kidney ducts
branching in, 1008
Kinetic theory
and diffusion equation, 1024
and thermodynamics, 1019
"Kingdom was lost"
and chaos theory, 971
Kingdoms of organisms, 1003
Kingsnake
pigmentation pattern of, 426
|  | Kirby, Laurence A. S. (England/USA, 1952- )
and unprovable statements, 1163
Kirkpatrick, E. Scott (USA, 1941- )
in Preface, xiii
and simulated annealing, 985
Kites
characteristic shapes of, 1183
Kleene star (RepeatedNull), 957
Klein, Oskar (Sweden/Denmark/USA, 1894-1977)
and notions of space, 1028
Klein-Gordon equation
discretization of, 1060
vs. sine-Gordon, 922
Kleinian groups
and circle packings, 986
KleinInvariantJ (modular elliptic function)
and almost integers, 915
Knapping (of stone tools), 1183
Kneading
randomness in, 306
Kneading sequences, 955
Knossos
maze at, 873
Knots
Alexander moves in, 1038
as complex artifacts, 1183
as constructed by rules, 875
in ether as atoms, 1028, 1044
model of atoms as, 1024
as not in 1D systems, 927
theory of, 1046
Knuth, Donald E. (USA, 1938- )
and dragon curves, 893
and Knuth-Bendix procedure, 1037
in Preface, xiii
and tests of randomness, 1084
Knuth-Bendix procedure, 1037
Koch, N. F. Helge von (Sweden, 1870-1924)
and nested curves, 934
Koch curve, 191, 933
history of, 934
Kolakoski, William G. (USA, 1944-1997)
and cyclic tag systems, 895
Kollectiv (collective)
and defining randomness, 1068
Kolmogorov, Andrei N. (Russia, 1903-1987)
and algorithmic randomness, 1068
and fluid turbulence, 997, 997'
Kolmogorov complexity
see Algorithmic information
Kondo model, 1057
Koran
calligraphy from the, 874
Korec, Ivan (Slovakia, 1943-1998)
and encodings of arithmetic, 1163
and register machines, 1121
KPZ (Kardar-Parisi-Zhang) equation, 925
Krohn-Rhodes decompositions, 1069
Kronecker product, 1073
KroneckerDelta
and orthogonal bases, 1072
Kufi calligraphy, 874
Kummer, Ernst E. (Germany, 1810-1893)
and Fermat's Last Theorem, 1166
Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, 925
Kuratowski's theorem, 1045
Kurdyumov, Georgii L. (Russia, 1953- )
and transitions in CAs, 981
L-shaped tiles, 932
L systems, 82-87
2D, 187-189
and biological models, 1004
and plant branching, 1005
see also Substitution systems
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