D0L systems, 82-85
see also Substitution systems, neighbor-independent
D1L systems, 85-87
da Vinci, Leonardo (Italy, 1452-1519)
and fluid turbulence, 997
and geometrical rules, 878
and math in science, 859
and phyllotaxis, 1007
and rule-based pictures, 875
and theory of lunes, 873
Daedalus
as designer of maze, 873
Daisies
phyllotaxis in, 409
regular form of, 385
Damping
and attractors, 957
of fluid perturbations, 381
Dante Alighieri (Italy, 1265-1321)
and rhyming schemes, 875
Dappled patterns
from 2D cellular automata, 428
Darwin, Charles R. (England, 1809-1882)
and Origin of Species, 1001
and origins of complexity, 861, 861'
Darwinian evolution, 386
summary of relations to, 14
see also Natural selection
Data
analysis of, 548
artifacts in, 1184
information content of, 1181
recognizing meaning in, 826
Data compression, 560-576
history of, 1069
lossy, 572
practicalities of, 1069
two-dimensional, 567
see also Compression
Data Encryption Standard (DES), 1085
and history of CAs, 960
as randomness generator, 975
Data processing
and history of computing, 1107
Data structures
and network systems, 936
Databases
as analogy for memory, 621
of chemical compounds, 1194
Dataflow systems
and causal invariance, 1035
Dates
conventions for in book, 851
Daubechies wavelets, 1074
Davis, H. Chandler (USA/Canada, 1926- )
and dragon curves, 893
Davis, Martin D. (USA, 1928- )
and Diophantine equations, 1161
in Preface, xiii
Davis-Putnam rules, 1171
Dawn chorus
natural radio signals and, 1187
DCT (discrete cosine transform), 1074
de Broglie, Louis-V.-P.-R. (France, 1892-1987)
and wave-particle duality, 1056
de Bruijn, Nicolaas G. (Netherlands, 1918- )
and maximal sequences, 1089
de Bruijn networks, 940
and CA attractors, 957
and local conservation laws, 1023
for shift registers, 1089
and sorting networks, 1142
de Moivre, Abraham (France/England, 1667-1754)
and Gaussian distribution, 977
de Morgan's law (in logic), 817
Dead languages, 1184
Dead time
in randomness generators, 303
Deadlocks
using randomness to avoid, 841, 1192
Dean's Eye cathedral window, 873
Debugging
intuition from, 872
and proofs about programs, 1168
Decidability, 753
see also Undecidability
Decimal numbers, 116
recurring, 138
Decimation
in additive CA patterns, 955
and self-similarity in rule 90, 870
Decimation systems, 909
and firing squad problem, 1035
Decision analysis
and causal networks, 1033
Decision making
and game theory, 1104
Decision problem
and history of universality, 1110
Decision procedures
see also Algorithms
see also Undecidability
Deck of cards
perfect shuffle of, 974
Decoding
see Cryptanalysis
Decoherence (in quantum mechanics), 1063
Decompilers, 1184
Deconstructionism
and limitations of science, 1196
and postmodernism, 1196
and theories of communication, 1181
Decorative art, 43, 872
see also Art
Decrement function
combinators for, 1122
Decrement-jump instructions
in register machines, 97
Dedekind, J. W. Richard (Germany, 1831-1916)
and axioms for arithmetic, 1152
and categoricity of models, 1172
and primitive recursion, 907
and real numbers, 1153
DedekindEta
difficulty of evaluating, 1134
Deduction
automated mathematical, 1157
of cellular automaton rules, 1089
in mathematics, 775
of rules from data, 592
see also Intelligence
see also Perception
Deep inelastic scattering, 1044
Deep theorem
definition of, 1176
Defects
as localized structures, 990
topological, 1045
Deficient numbers, 910
Definability
of operations in arithmetic, 1163
|  | Definitions
and character of principles, 1126
of existing sciences, 863
of intelligence, 822, 1178
of life, 823, 1178
of mathematics, 859
of purpose, 829
Deformable objects
packing of, 988
Degrees of unsolvability (arithmetic hierarchy), 1126, 1139
Dehn, Max W. (Germany, 1878-1952)
and word problem for groups, 1141
Deism, 1196
Deity
see God
del
and isotropy, 980
Delay equations
and road traffic flow, 1014
Delay lines
and history of CAs, 877
Delayed choice experiments, 1059
Delete
and Boolean minimization, 1095
and recursive sequence, 906
DeleteCases
and minimal finite automata, 957
and pattern-avoiding sequences, 944
Delimiters
balanced and nesting, 989
Delta functions
and spectra, 1081
Deltas (of rivers)
nesting in, 988
Democratic hypothesis (in particle physics), 1044
Democritus (Greece, ~460 - ~370 BC)
and atomism, 876
and extraterrestrial life, 1180
Demodulation (substitution)
in proofs, 1155
Dendrimers, 1194
Dendrites
in nerve cells, 1075
Dendritic crystal growth, 371, 993
Dendritic erosion patterns, 1001
Dendritic patterns
in 2D cellular automata, 171
in 2D substitution systems, 188
Denominators
and continuous CA background, 922
minimal in rational numbers, 950
Densest packings, 986
Density
of circle packings, 986
of difficult problems, 1147
in percolation theory, 983
in tag systems, 894
of universal systems, 1126
Density in cellular automata, 265, 953
conservation of, 458
diffusion of in block, 463
estimates of, 953
as non-computable, 1128
phase transition in, 341
undecidability of limiting, 1138
Density perturbations
and sound in fluids, 1000
Dentin
mammoth ivory, 873
Denudation (in landscapes), 1001
Deposition
and landscape structure, 1001
see also Aggregation systems
Depth
for combinator expressions, 1123
and Horton stream order, 1001
and symbolic systems, 897
Depth-first recursion
in substitution systems, 1033
Depth-first traversal
of backtracking trees, 1089
Depths
of logic expressions, 1096, 1096', 1148
Derandomization
of randomized algorithms, 1192
Derivations
in formal languages, 1103
in mathematics, 775
Derivative (differential derivative)
as composite head, 896
and relation to DigitCount, 902
Derivatives (financial), 1015
DES (Data Encryption Standard), 1085
and history of CAs, 960
as randomness generator, 975
Desborough Mirror, 873
Descartes, René (France/Netherlands, 1596-1650)
and complexity in biology, 861
and discrete space, 1027
and equiangular spirals, 1008
and snowflakes, 992
and sums of three squares, 910
and theoretical biology, 1003
and Turing test, 1099
Deserts
landscape in, 1001
Design in nature
and origin of complexity, 861
and teleology, 1185
Det (determinant)
and Hadamard matrices, 1073
metric related to volume by, 1050
and NC computations, 1149
and polynomial time, 1146
and testing for dimension, 1031
and zeta functions, 959
Detachment rule
in axioms, 1150
and proofs, 1155
Determinism
and fate, 967
and free will, 750, 1135
and Gödel's Theorem, 1132
vs. probability in models, 588
Deterministic chaos
recognizing, 972
see also Chaos theory
Deterrents, 1136
Deutsch, David (England, 1953- )
in Preface, xiii
and quantum computers, 1147
Development (in biology), 400-428
see also Growth
Developmental constraints
on forms of organisms, 387
Developmental pathways
invariance of in evolution, 395
/dev/random (randomness pool), 970
DFA (deterministic finite automaton), 957
see also Finite automata
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