Notes

Chapter 4: Systems Based on Numbers

Section 2: Elementary Arithmetic


3n+1 problem as cellular automaton

If one writes the digits of n in base 6, then the rule for updating the digit sequence is a cellular automaton with 7 possible colors (color 6 works as an end marker that appears to the left and right of the actual digit sequence):

{a_, b_, c_} If[b 6, If[EvenQ[a], 6, 4], 3 Mod[a, 2] + Quotient[b, 2] /. 0 6 /; a 6]

The 3n+1 problem can then be viewed as a question about the existence of persistent structure in this cellular automaton.



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From Stephen Wolfram: A New Kind of Science [citation]