(Page 0956a) Notes for: Starting from Randomness | Special Initial Conditions General associative [cellular automaton] rules With a cellular automaton rule in which the new ...

(Page 0967c) Notes for: Mechanisms in Programs and Nature | Three Mechanisms for Randomness History [of randomness] In antiquity, it was often assumed that all events must be ...

(Page 1019a) Notes for: Fundamental Physics | Irreversibility and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Time reversal invariance The reversibility of the laws of physics implies ...

(Page 1036d) Notes for: Fundamental Physics | Uniqueness and Branching in Time Confluence [in string rewriting] As mentioned on page 938 , multiway systems have been studied ...

(Page 1067b) Notes for: Processes of Perception and Analysis | Defining the Notion of Randomness History [of randomness definitions] Randomness and unpredictability were ...

(Page 1137e) Notes for: The Principle of Computational Equivalence | Undecidability and Intractability Examples of undecidability Once universality exists in a system it is ...

(Page 1142a) Notes for: The Principle of Computational Equivalence | Undecidability and Intractability Sorting networks Any list can be sorted using Fold[PairSort, list, ...

(Page 1157b) Notes for: The Principle of Computational Equivalence | Implications for Mathematics and Its Foundations [Methods for] proof searching To find a proof of some ...

(Page 1171a) Notes for: The Principle of Computational Equivalence | Implications for Mathematics and Its Foundations Operators on sets There is always more than one operator ...

(Page 1178c) Notes for: The Principle of Computational Equivalence | Intelligence in the Universe Defining life Greek philosophers such as Aristotle defined life by the ...