Notes

Chapter 12: The Principle of Computational Equivalence

Section 9: Implications for Mathematics and Its Foundations


Implicational calculus

With k = 2 the operator can be either 2 or 11 (Implies), with k = 3 {2694, 9337, 15980}, and with k = 4 any of 16 possibilities. (Operators exist for any k.) No single axiom, at least with up to 7 operators and 4 variables, reproduces all equivalences. With modus ponens as the rule of inference, the shortest single-axiom system that works is known to be {((a b) c) ((c a) (d a))}. Using the method of page 1151 this can be converted to the equational form

{((a b) c) ((c a) (d a)) d d, (a a) b b, (a b) b (b a) a}

from which the validity of the axiom system in the main text can be established.



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From Stephen Wolfram: A New Kind of Science [citation]